அரசியலமைப்பின் முகவுரையின் முக்கியத்துவத்தையும், அரசியலமைப்பின் விதிகளை விளக்குவதில் அதன் பொருத்தத்தையும் ஆராயுங்கள்
இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின் முக்கிய அம்சங்கள் / The salient features of Indian Constitution
*The salient features of Indian Constitution.*
The Constitution of India is largest and most detailed Constitution in world. It originally consisted of 395 Articles divided into 22 parts and 8 schedules. The framers of Indian Constitution sought to incorporate the good provisions of all the existing constitutions of different countries in the world. Indian Constitution has borrowed Parliamentary system of Government from British Constitution. Framers of Indian Constitution incorporated provisions of `Fundamental Rights' from the Constitution of United States of America, `Directive Principles of State Policy' from Ireland, Power of Judicial Review to the Supreme Court has been taken from the Constitution of United States of America. Similarly India's federalism has been benefited from American provisions in this area. The Constitution of Canada and Australia have also been used to some extent for laying down some provisions of Constitution of India. The Constitution of India Occupies a unique place among the federal Constitutions of the World. This is due to its distinctive features. The chief characteristics of Indian Constitution are as follows :-
1. Longest Constitution of the World - The Indian Constitution is lengthiest and most detailed of all written Constitutions of the world. While the American Constitution originally consisted of 7 Articles, Australian Constitution 128 and Canadian Constitution 147 and Indian Constitution originally had 395 Articles. But till 78 the Amendment Act, of 1995 it consists of 443 Articles.
The Indian Constitution lays down the structure not only of Central Government but also of the States. The American Constitution on the other hand leaves the States to draw up their own Constitution. Because of peculiar problem of India like population, minorities, schedule class, Schedule tribe community peoples it had to incorporate many provisions.
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2. Democratic form of Government. - The Constitution of India constitutes India into a sovereign democratic republic. It thus provides for the establishment of a democratic form of government in the country. Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity which are essential characteristics of a democracy are declared in the Preamble as the very objectives of the constitution. In a democracy the Government derives all its authority from the will of the people. Our rulers are elected representatives of the people and are responsible to the people. A sovereign government is a government which is not dependent upon any outside authority. India is a free and an independent country and free to determine is external and internal policies according to its own will.
3. Sovereignty of the People. - The Preamble of the Constitution declares that the people of India have adopted and given to themselves this constitution in exercise of their sovereign rights. The words "We the people of India" In our Constituent Assembly.......do hereby Adopt, Enact And give to ourselves this Constitution" make it clear that the real power is in the hands of the people of India both in the Union and in the States. The vesting of sovereignty in the people of the land marks the culmination of the struggle for independence and constitutes the corner stone of the future constitutional progress.
4. Parliamentary form of Government. - The Indian Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of Government of India both at the Centre and in the States as distinguished from the presidential form of the Government in America. The essential characteristics of parliamentary form of Government are the following :-
(a) the head of the State i.e. the President is the nominal and constitutional head but the real executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers whose head is the Prime Minister,
(b) The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
(c) The members of the Council of Ministers are the elected members of the legislatures directly elected by the people. On the other hand, in a presidential form of the government the head of the State i.e. the President is the real executive directly elected by the people and responsible to the people.
5. Fundamental Rights. - The Constitution of India contains a long list of fundamental rights of citizens. These rights are necessary for the development of individual's personality. The legislature and the executive cannot take away these rights unless it is necessary to do so in the public interest. These rights are, however, not absolute rights. They are restricted rights and can be restricted, abridged and taken away, when it is necessary in the public interest.
6. Directive Principles of State Policy. - The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution set out the aims and objectives to be followed by the State in the governance of the country. Although they are not justiciable in the courts of law, yet they are very important and fundamental in the governance of country. No Government can ignore them. There is a political sanction behind them. The Central and State Governments are answerable to the electorate at the time of election for their implementation. The idea of the welfare state can be achieved only by implementing the various directive principles contained in the Constitution.
7. Mixture of rigidity with flexibility. - A rigid constitution is one which requires a special procedure for amendment of its provisions, while in a flexible constitution the provisions of the constitution can be amended by an ordinary legislative process. A written Constitution is generally said to be rigid. The Indian Constitution though written is sufficiently flexible. It is only a few provisions of the Constitution which can only to amended by special procedure i.e. requiring the consent of the half of State legislature majority of provisions of Constitution can be amended by Parliament by ordinary legislative process.
8. Fundamental Duties. - As per the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee (Chairman, Congress Committee on Constitutional Amendment), by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
10 Fundamental Duties have been added in the part IV A (Article 51-A) of the Indian Constitution. It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to abide by all the fundamental duties.
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9. Distribution of Legislative Powers. -
The Indian Constitution contains three lists under seventh Schedule :
(i) Union List - [Article 246(1) and Sch. VII] - This list contains 97 subjects. Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of these subjects.
(ii) State List - [Article 246(3) and Sch. VII] - This list contains 66 subjects. The legislative of any State has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of these subjects.
(iii) Concurrent List - [Article 246(2) and Sch. VII] - This list contains 47 subjects. Parliament and legislature of any State both have power to make laws with respect to any of these subjects.
Residuary Powers - Under Article 248 of the Indian Constitution, residuary powers are vested in the Centre.
Exceptions. - Articles 249, 250, 252 and 253 provides that Parliament can make laws on a matter specified in the State List in circumstances mentioned in these Arts.
10. Administrative relations between Union and States. - Articles 256 to 263 deals with Union control over States even in normal times through following ways :
(i) Direction by Union to the State Governments - Articles 256, 257 and 356.
(ii) Delegation of Union's function to the States - Article 258.
(iii) All India Services - Article 312.
(iv) Grant-in-aid.
(v) Disputes relating to water.
(vi) Public Acts, records and Judicial proceedings - Article 261.
(vii) Co-ordination between States - Provision for Inter-State Council - Article 263.
11. Unique Federation. - India, is a Unique Federation. It provides several unique features such as :
(i) No dual citizenship - There is single citizenship i.e., citizen of India.
(ii) At the time of emergency, it acquires a unitary character.
12. Uniformity in all basis matters. - The Indian Constitution adopts 3 means to maintain Administrative and Legislative unity.
(i) a single Judiciary.
(ii) Uniformity of fundamental laws, civil and criminal, and
(iii) Common all India services.
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13. Independent Judiciary. - The following provisions are intended to secure independence and impartiality of Supreme Court and High Courts :
(i) Appointment of Judges by President after consultation with judicial authorities. [Articles 124(2), 217]
(ii) Security of tenure is guaranteed to every judge. [Articles 124, 218]
(iii) Salaries are fixed and cannot be varied by legislature except during the period of proclaimed emergency. [Article 360]
(iv) Once appointed their privileges, rights and allowances cannot be altered to their disadvantage. [Article 125, 221]
(v) Supreme Court and High Court recruit their own staff and frame rules regarding conditions of service. [Articles 146, 229]
(vi) Salaries and allowances of judges is not put to the vote of legislature. [Articles 146, 229]
(vii) Salaries, allowances and Pensions of its officers are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. [Articles 146, 229]
(viii) The Constitution bars judges of Supreme Court from pleading or appearing before any court or judicial authority in India even after retirement. [Articles 124(7), 220]
(ix) No discussion can take place in the legislature of a State or in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any judge of Supreme Court or of High Courts in discharge of his duties. [Articles 121, 211]
14. Rule of Law - The Indian Constitution embodies the modern concept of rule of law with establishment of judicial system which should be able to work impartially and free from all influences. The rule of law means Government on principles of law. The rule of law, pervades over entire field of administration, and every organ of State is regulated by the rule of law. Sir Edward Coke, the Chief Justice in James 1's reign was the originator of this concept. There are three meanings of the rule of law :-
(i) Supremacy of Law
(ii) Equality before the Law
(iii) Predominance of legal Spirit.
15. Doctrine Of Judicial Review - It means that the courts have power to examine laws and executive acts and test their conformity with the constitution and struck them down if they are found to be inconsistent with it. Article 13(2) provides that the state shall not make any law which takes away or abridge the fundamental rights and any law made in contravention of this provision shall to that extent of inconsistency is void.
16. Adult Suffrage - Under Article 326 every men and woman above 18 years of age (As it has been reduced from 21 years to 18 years vide 61st Amendment Act, 1988), has been given right to vote in Elections for Parliament, State Assembly.
17. Single Citizenship - According to Federal principle the Constitution of U.S.A. provides for dual Citizenship i.e. Citizenship of U.S.A. and Citizen of the State. Though the Indian Constitution has adopted the federal principles but Indian Constitution has provided for single citizenship i.e. Citizenship of India.
*இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின் முக்கிய அம்சங்கள்*
இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய மற்றும் மிகவும் விரிவான அரசியலமைப்பு ஆகும். இது முதலில் 395 கட்டுரைகளை 22 பகுதிகளாகவும் 8 அட்டவணைகளாகவும் பிரித்தது. இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பை உருவாக்கியவர்கள் உலகின் பல்வேறு நாடுகளில் தற்போதுள்ள அனைத்து அரசியலமைப்புகளின் நல்ல விதிகளையும் இணைக்க முயன்றனர். இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு பிரிட்டிஷ் அரசியலமைப்பிலிருந்து நாடாளுமன்ற அரசாங்க முறையை கடன் வாங்கியுள்ளது. இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின் வடிவமைப்பாளர்கள் அமெரிக்காவின் அரசியலமைப்பிலிருந்து 'அடிப்படை உரிமைகள்', அயர்லாந்திலிருந்து 'மாநிலக் கொள்கையின் வழிநடத்தும் கோட்பாடுகள்', உச்ச நீதிமன்றத்திற்கு நீதித்துறை மறுஆய்வு செய்யும் அதிகாரம் ஆகியவை அமெரிக்காவின் அரசியலமைப்பிலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. இதேபோல், இந்தப் பகுதியில் அமெரிக்க விதிகளின் மூலம் இந்தியாவின் கூட்டாட்சிவாதம் பயனடைந்துள்ளது. கனடா மற்றும் ஆஸ்திரேலியாவின் அரசியலமைப்பும் இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின் சில விதிகளை வகுக்க ஓரளவுக்கு பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு உலகின் கூட்டாட்சி அரசியலமைப்புகளில் ஒரு தனித்துவமான இடத்தை வகிக்கிறது. இதற்கு அதன் தனித்துவமான அம்சங்கள் காரணமாகும். இந்திய அரசியலமைப்புச் சட்டத்தின் முக்கிய அம்சங்கள் பின்வருமாறுஃ -
1. உலகின் மிக நீளமான அரசியலமைப்பு-இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு உலகின் அனைத்து எழுதப்பட்ட அரசியலமைப்புகளையும் விட நீளமானது மற்றும் மிகவும் விரிவானது. அமெரிக்க அரசியலமைப்பு முதலில் 7 பிரிவுகளையும், ஆஸ்திரேலிய அரசியலமைப்பு 128 மற்றும் கனேடிய அரசியலமைப்பு 147 மற்றும் இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு 395 பிரிவுகளையும் கொண்டிருந்தது. ஆனால் 1995 ஆம் ஆண்டு திருத்தச் சட்டம் 78 வரை இது 443 பிரிவுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு மத்திய அரசின் கட்டமைப்பை மட்டுமல்ல, மாநிலங்களின் கட்டமைப்பையும் வகுக்கிறது. மறுபுறம் அமெரிக்க அரசியலமைப்பு மாநிலங்கள் தங்கள் சொந்த அரசியலமைப்பை உருவாக்க அனுமதிக்கிறது. மக்கள் தொகை, சிறுபான்மையினர், அட்டவணை வர்க்கம், அட்டவணை பழங்குடி சமூக மக்கள் போன்ற இந்தியாவின் விசித்திரமான பிரச்சினைகளின் காரணமாக அது பல விதிகளை இணைக்க வேண்டியிருந்தது.
2. அரசாங்கத்தின் ஜனநாயக வடிவம். இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு இந்தியாவை ஒரு இறையாண்மை கொண்ட ஜனநாயக குடியரசாக உருவாக்குகிறது. இதனால் நாட்டில் ஒரு ஜனநாயக வடிவிலான அரசாங்கத்தை நிறுவ இது வழிவகை செய்கிறது. ஜனநாயகத்தின் இன்றியமையாத பண்புகளான நீதி, சுதந்திரம், சமத்துவம் மற்றும் சகோதரத்துவம் ஆகியவை அரசியலமைப்பின் நோக்கங்களாக முன்னுரையில் அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒரு ஜனநாயகத்தில் அரசாங்கம் அதன் அனைத்து அதிகாரங்களையும் மக்களின் விருப்பத்திலிருந்து பெறுகிறது. நமது ஆட்சியாளர்கள் மக்களால் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட பிரதிநிதிகள் மற்றும் மக்களுக்கு பொறுப்பானவர்கள். ஒரு இறையாண்மை அரசாங்கம் என்பது எந்தவொரு வெளி அதிகாரத்தையும் சார்ந்து இல்லாத ஒரு அரசாங்கமாகும். இந்தியா ஒரு சுதந்திரமான மற்றும் சுதந்திரமான நாடு, அதன் சொந்த விருப்பப்படி வெளிப்புற மற்றும் உள் கொள்கைகளை தீர்மானிக்க சுதந்திரம் உள்ளது.
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3. மக்களின் இறையாண்மை. இந்திய மக்கள் தங்கள் இறையாண்மை உரிமைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி இந்த அரசியலமைப்பை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டு தங்களுக்குக் கொடுத்துள்ளனர் என்று அரசியலமைப்பின் முகவுரை அறிவிக்கிறது. "இந்திய மக்களாகிய நாம் நாட்டின் மக்கள் மீது இறையாண்மையை ஒப்படைப்பது சுதந்திரப் போராட்டத்தின் உச்சக்கட்டத்தைக் குறிக்கிறது மற்றும் எதிர்கால அரசியலமைப்பு முன்னேற்றத்தின் மூலக்கல்லாக அமைகிறது.
4. நாடாளுமன்ற வடிவ அரசு. இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு அமெரிக்காவில் உள்ள அரசாங்கத்தின் ஜனாதிபதி வடிவத்திலிருந்து வேறுபட்ட வகையில் மையத்திலும் மாநிலங்களிலும் இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தின் நாடாளுமன்ற வடிவத்தை நிறுவுகிறது. நாடாளுமன்ற அரசு முறையின் முக்கிய அம்சங்கள் பின்வருமாறுஃ- (அ) மாநில தலைவர் i.e. குடியரசுத் தலைவர் பெயரளவிலான மற்றும் அரசியலமைப்பு ரீதியான தலைவர், ஆனால் உண்மையான நிர்வாக அதிகாரம் பிரதமர் தலைமை வகிக்கும் அமைச்சரவையிடம் உள்ளது.
(ஆ) அமைச்சரவை கூட்டாக மக்களவைக்கு பொறுப்பாகும்.
(இ) அமைச்சரவையின் உறுப்பினர்கள் மக்களால் நேரடியாக தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட சட்டமன்றங்களின் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட உறுப்பினர்கள் ஆவர். மறுபுறம், அரசாங்கத்தின் ஜனாதிபதி வடிவத்தில் மாநிலத்தின் தலைவர் i.e. குடியரசுத் தலைவர் மக்களால் நேரடியாக தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட உண்மையான நிர்வாகி மற்றும் மக்களுக்கு பொறுப்பானவர்.
5. அடிப்படை உரிமைகள். இந்திய அரசியலமைப்புச் சட்டத்தில் குடிமக்களின் அடிப்படை உரிமைகளின் நீண்ட பட்டியல் உள்ளது. தனிநபரின் ஆளுமையின் வளர்ச்சிக்கு இந்த உரிமைகள் அவசியம். பொது நலனுக்காக அவ்வாறு செய்ய வேண்டிய அவசியம் இல்லாவிட்டால், சட்டமன்றமும் நிர்வாகமும் இந்த உரிமைகளை பறிக்க முடியாது. இருப்பினும், இந்த உரிமைகள் முழுமையான உரிமைகள் அல்ல. அவை தடைசெய்யப்பட்ட உரிமைகள் மற்றும் பொது நலனுக்காக தேவைப்படும்போது கட்டுப்படுத்தப்படலாம், சுருக்கப்படலாம் மற்றும் பறிக்கப்படலாம்.
6. மாநிலக் கொள்கையின் வழிகாட்டும் கோட்பாடுகள். அரசியலமைப்பின் பகுதி IV இல் உள்ள மாநிலக் கொள்கையின் வழிகாட்டும் கோட்பாடுகள் நாட்டின் நிர்வாகத்தில் மாநிலத்தால் பின்பற்றப்பட வேண்டிய குறிக்கோள்களையும் குறிக்கோள்களையும் அமைக்கின்றன. அவை நீதிமன்றங்களில் நியாயமானவை அல்ல என்றாலும், அவை நாட்டின் நிர்வாகத்தில் மிகவும் முக்கியமானவை மற்றும் அடிப்படையானவை. அவர்களை எந்த அரசும் புறக்கணிக்க முடியாது. இவர்களுக்குப் பின்னால் ஓர் அரசியல் குற்றச்சாட்டு உள்ளது. அவற்றை அமல்படுத்துவதற்கு மத்திய மற்றும் மாநில அரசுகள் தேர்தல் நேரத்தில் வாக்காளர்களுக்கு பதிலளிக்க வேண்டியவை. அரசியலமைப்பில் உள்ள பல்வேறு வழிகாட்டும் கொள்கைகளை செயல்படுத்துவதன் மூலம் மட்டுமே நலன்புரி அரசு என்ற கருத்தை அடைய முடியும்.
7. நெகிழ்வுத்தன்மையுடன் விறைப்புத்தன்மையின் கலவை. - என்றார். ஒரு கடினமான அரசியலமைப்பு என்பது அதன் விதிகளை திருத்துவதற்கு ஒரு சிறப்பு நடைமுறை தேவைப்படுகிறது, அதே நேரத்தில் ஒரு நெகிழ்வான அரசியலமைப்பில் அரசியலமைப்பின் விதிகளை ஒரு சாதாரண சட்டமன்ற செயல்முறை மூலம் திருத்தலாம். எழுதப்பட்ட அரசியலமைப்பு பொதுவாக கடுமையானது என்று கூறப்படுகிறது. இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு எழுதப்பட்டிருந்தாலும் போதுமான நெகிழ்வானது. அரசியலமைப்பின் ஒரு சில விதிகள் மட்டுமே சிறப்பு நடைமுறை i.e மூலம் திருத்த முடியும். மாநில சட்டமன்றத்தின் பாதியின் ஒப்புதல் தேவைப்படும் அரசியலமைப்பின் பெரும்பான்மையான விதிகளை நாடாளுமன்றம் சாதாரண சட்டமன்ற செயல்முறை மூலம் திருத்தலாம்.
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8. அடிப்படைக் கடமைகள். 1976 ஆம் ஆண்டு 42 வது திருத்தச் சட்டத்தின் மூலம் ஸ்வரன் சிங் குழுவின் (தலைவர், அரசியலமைப்பு திருத்தத்திற்கான காங்கிரஸ் குழு) பரிந்துரையின்படி.
10 அடிப்படை கடமைகள் இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின் பகுதி IV A (பிரிவு 51-A) இல் சேர்க்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அனைத்து அடிப்படை கடமைகளையும் கடைப்பிடிப்பது இந்தியாவின் ஒவ்வொரு குடிமகனின் கடமையாக இருக்கும்.
9. சட்டமியற்றும் அதிகாரங்களை விநியோகிப்பது. - என்றார்.
இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு ஏழாவது அட்டவணையின் கீழ் மூன்று பட்டியல்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளதுஃ
(i) ஒன்றியப் பட்டியல்-[சரத்து 246 (1) மற்றும் Sch. VII]-இந்த பட்டியலில் 97 பாடங்கள் உள்ளன. இவற்றில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்று தொடர்பாக சட்டங்களை இயற்றுவதற்கு நாடாளுமன்றத்திற்கு பிரத்யேக அதிகாரம் உள்ளது.
(ii) மாநிலப் பட்டியல்-[பிரிவு 246 (3) மற்றும் SCH. VII] - இந்த பட்டியலில் 66 பாடங்கள் உள்ளன. எந்தவொரு மாநிலத்தின் சட்டமன்றத்திற்கும் இந்த பாடங்களில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றைப் பற்றி சட்டங்களை உருவாக்க பிரத்யேக அதிகாரம் உள்ளது.
(iii) ஒருங்கிணைந்த பட்டியல்-[சரத்து 246 (2) மற்றும் Sch. VII] இந்த பட்டியலில் 47 பாடங்கள் உள்ளன. எந்தவொரு மாநிலத்தின் நாடாளுமன்றம் மற்றும் சட்டமன்றம் ஆகிய இரண்டிற்கும் இந்த பாடங்களில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றைப் பற்றி சட்டங்களை இயற்றும் அதிகாரம் உள்ளது.
எஞ்சிய அதிகாரங்கள்-இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பின் 248 வது பிரிவின் கீழ், எஞ்சிய அதிகாரங்கள் மத்திய அரசிடம் உள்ளன.
விதிவிலக்குகள். மாநிலப் பட்டியலில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள ஒரு விஷயத்தில் இந்த கலைகளில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள சூழ்நிலைகளில் நாடாளுமன்றம் சட்டங்களை உருவாக்க முடியும் என்று 249,250,252 மற்றும் 253 வது பிரிவுகள் வழங்குகின்றன.
10. ஒன்றியத்திற்கும் மாநிலங்களுக்கும் இடையிலான நிர்வாக உறவுகள். 256 முதல் 263 வரையிலான பிரிவுகள் பின்வரும் வழிகளில் சாதாரண காலங்களில் கூட மாநிலங்கள் மீதான யூனியன் கட்டுப்பாட்டைக் கையாள்கின்றனஃ
(i) மாநில அரசுகளுக்கு மத்திய அரசின் உத்தரவு-சரத்து 256,257 மற்றும் 356.
(ii) மாநிலங்களுக்கு ஒன்றியத்தின் செயல்பாட்டை பிரதிநிதித்துவப்படுத்துதல்-பிரிவு 258.
(iii) அகில இந்திய சேவைகள்-பிரிவு 312.
(iv) உதவி மானியம்.
(v) நீர் தொடர்பான சர்ச்சைகள்.
(vi) பொதுச் சட்டங்கள், பதிவுகள் மற்றும் நீதித்துறை நடவடிக்கைகள்-பிரிவு 261.
(vii) மாநிலங்களுக்கிடையேயான ஒருங்கிணைப்பு-மாநிலங்களுக்கு இடையேயான கவுன்சிலுக்கான ஏற்பாடு-பிரிவு 263.
11. தனித்துவமான கூட்டமைப்பு. - இந்தியா, ஒரு தனித்துவமான கூட்டமைப்பு. இது போன்ற பல தனித்துவமான அம்சங்களை இது வழங்குகிறதுஃ
i) இரட்டை குடியுரிமை இல்லை-ஒற்றை குடியுரிமை உள்ளது i.e., இந்திய குடிமகன்.
(ii) அவசரகாலத்தின் போது, அது ஒரு ஒற்றையாட்சி தன்மையைப் பெறுகிறது.
12. அனைத்து அடிப்படை விஷயங்களிலும் ஒற்றுமை. இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு நிர்வாக மற்றும் சட்டமன்ற ஒற்றுமையை பராமரிக்க 3 வழிகளை ஏற்றுக்கொள்கிறது.
(i) ஒரே நீதித்துறை.
(ii) சிவில் மற்றும் குற்றவியல் அடிப்படை சட்டங்களின் சீரான தன்மை, மற்றும்
(iii) பொது அகில இந்திய சேவைகள்.
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13. சுதந்திரமான நீதித்துறை. உச்ச நீதிமன்றம் மற்றும் உயர் நீதிமன்றங்களின் சுதந்திரம் மற்றும் பக்கச்சார்பற்ற தன்மையைப் பாதுகாக்கும் நோக்கில் பின்வரும் விதிகள் உள்ளன
(i) நீதித்துறை அதிகாரிகளுடன் கலந்தாலோசித்த பின்னர் குடியரசுத் தலைவரால் நீதிபதிகளை நியமிப்பது. [பிரிவுகள் 124 (2) 217]
(ii) ஒவ்வொரு நீதிபதிக்கும் பதவிக்காலத்தின் பாதுகாப்பு உத்தரவாதம் அளிக்கப்படுகிறது. [பிரிவுகள் 124,218]
(iii) சம்பளங்கள் நிர்ணயிக்கப்பட்டவை மற்றும் அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட அவசரகால காலத்தைத் தவிர சட்டமன்றத்தால் மாறுபட முடியாது. [கட்டுரை 360]
(iv) நியமிக்கப்பட்டவுடன் அவர்களின் சலுகைகள், உரிமைகள் மற்றும் கொடுப்பனவுகளை அவர்களுக்கு பாதகமாக மாற்ற முடியாது. [பிரிவு 125,221]
(v) உச்ச நீதிமன்றமும் உயர் நீதிமன்றமும் தங்கள் சொந்த ஊழியர்களை நியமித்து, சேவை நிபந்தனைகள் குறித்து விதிகளை வகுக்கின்றன. [கட்டுரைகள் 146,229]
(vi) நீதிபதிகளின் சம்பளம் மற்றும் படிகள் சட்டமன்றத்தின் வாக்கெடுப்புக்கு வைக்கப்படுவதில்லை. [கட்டுரைகள் 146,229]
(vii) அதன் அதிகாரிகளின் சம்பளம், படிகள் மற்றும் ஓய்வூதியங்கள் இந்திய ஒருங்கிணைந்த நிதியில் வசூலிக்கப்படுகின்றன. [கட்டுரைகள் 146,229]
(viii) உச்சநீதிமன்றத்தின் நீதிபதிகள் ஓய்வு பெற்ற பிறகும் இந்தியாவில் உள்ள எந்தவொரு நீதிமன்றத்திலும் அல்லது நீதித்துறை அதிகாரத்தின் முன் வாதிடவோ அல்லது ஆஜராகவோ அரசியலமைப்பு தடைசெய்கிறது. [பிரிவுகள் 124 (7) 220]
(ix) உச்ச நீதிமன்றத்தின் அல்லது உயர் நீதிமன்றங்களின் எந்தவொரு நீதிபதியும் தனது கடமைகளை நிறைவேற்றுவது குறித்து ஒரு மாநிலத்தின் சட்டமன்றத்திலோ அல்லது நாடாளுமன்றத்திலோ எந்த விவாதமும் நடைபெற முடியாது. [கட்டுரைகள் 121,211]
14. சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சி-இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு நீதித்துறை அமைப்பை நிறுவுவதன் மூலம் சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சி என்ற நவீன கருத்தை உள்ளடக்கியது, இது பாரபட்சமின்றி மற்றும் அனைத்து தாக்கங்களிலிருந்தும் விடுபட்டு செயல்பட முடியும். சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சி என்பது சட்டத்தின் கொள்கைகளின் அடிப்படையில் அரசாங்கம் என்று பொருள்படும். சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சி, நிர்வாகத்தின் முழு துறையிலும் பரவியுள்ளது, மேலும் அரசின் ஒவ்வொரு உறுப்பும் சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சியால் கட்டுப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. ஜேம்ஸ் 1 இன் ஆட்சியின் தலைமை நீதிபதியாக இருந்த சர் எட்வர்ட் கோக் இந்த கருத்தை உருவாக்கியவர் ஆவார். சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சிக்கு மூன்று அர்த்தங்கள் உள்ளனஃ -
(i) சட்டத்தின் மேலாதிக்கம்
(ii) சட்டத்தின் முன் சமத்துவம்
(iii) சட்ட ஆவியின் மேலாதிக்கம்.
15. நீதித்துறை மறுஆய்வு கோட்பாடு-இதன் பொருள் என்னவென்றால், சட்டங்கள் மற்றும் நிர்வாகச் செயல்களை ஆராய்ந்து, அரசியலமைப்புடன் அவற்றின் இணக்கத்தை சோதிக்கவும், அவற்றுடன் முரண்படுவதாகக் கண்டறியப்பட்டால் அவற்றை ரத்து செய்யவும் நீதிமன்றங்களுக்கு அதிகாரம் உள்ளது. பிரிவு 13 (2) அடிப்படை உரிமைகளை பறிக்கும் அல்லது குறைக்கும் எந்தவொரு சட்டத்தையும் அரசு உருவாக்காது என்றும், இந்த விதியை மீறி உருவாக்கப்பட்ட எந்தவொரு சட்டமும் அந்த அளவிற்கு முரண்பாடு இல்லாதது என்றும் கூறுகிறது.
16. வயது வந்தோருக்கான வாக்குரிமை-பிரிவு 326 இன் கீழ் 18 வயதுக்கு மேற்பட்ட ஒவ்வொரு ஆணும் பெண்ணும் (இது 61 வது திருத்தச் சட்டம், 1988 இன் படி 21 வயதிலிருந்து 18 வயதாக குறைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதால்) நாடாளுமன்றம், மாநில சட்டமன்ற தேர்தல்களில் வாக்களிக்கும் உரிமை வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
17. ஒற்றை குடியுரிமை-கூட்டாட்சி கொள்கையின்படி U.S.A இன் அரசியலமைப்பு இரட்டை குடியுரிமையை வழங்குகிறது i.e. குடியுரிமை U.S.A மற்றும் மாநில குடிமகன். இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு கூட்டாட்சி கொள்கைகளை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டாலும், இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு ஒற்றை குடியுரிமையை வழங்கியுள்ளது, அதாவது i.e. இந்திய குடியுரிமை.
Article 22 of the Constitution of India protect the personal liberty of a citizen?
Article 22 of the Indian Constitution is one of the fundamental rights discussing about protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. It guarantees certain fundamental rights to every arrested person.
Article 22(1) and (2) lay down the provisions of protection against arrested and detention in certain cases.
Article 22(1) is in two parts and it gives to persons arrested it two-fold protection. The first is that an arrested person shall not be detained in custody without being told the grounds of such an arrest and the other is that he shall be entitled to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.
Article 22(2) gives a third protection and it is that every person arrested and detained in custody must be produced before the nearest Magistrate within 24 hours excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the Magistrate.
Article 22 (2) of the Constitution enjoins that every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest Magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the Court of the Magistrate and further mandates that no person shall be detained in custody beyond the period of 24 hours of such arrest without the authority of the Magistrate. This is the constitutional obligation on the State, which must be complied with by all those who have to make arrests in discharging their legal duties.
In Nandini Satpathy v. P. L. Dani, (1978) 3 SCR 608 Krishna Iyer, J. said that the spirit and sense of Article 22(1) is that it is fundamental to the rule of law that the services of a lawyer shall be available for consultation to any accused person under circumstances of near-custodial interrogation.
The above safeguards are not available to an enemy, alien or a person arrested or detained under a law providing for preventive detention. The Fundamental Rights, guaranteed by clauses (4) to (7) to persons detained under any law for prevention detention, relate to the maximum period of detention, the provision of an Advisory Board to consider and report on the sufficiency of the cause for detention, the right to be informed of the grounds of detention and the right to have the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order of detention.
But the protection available in Article 22 (1) and (2) is not available to a citizen who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention. Article 22(5) provides certain safeguards to a citizen arrested under the preventive detention laws, mentioning that When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order.
Clause (4) of Article 22 says that no law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless-
(a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention: Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or
(b) Such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7).
Rajasthan High Court in Ram Singh v. State of Rajasthan, 1987 (2) WLN 394 held that the provisions relating to the detention of a citizen without trial is Draconian as it clips and trims his wings of personal liberty guaranteed to him under the Constitution.
Such a provision, being Draconian, has to be strictly constructed and levers-invented to check its misuse should be freely applied where they are available.
The framers of the Constitution, while granting these Draconian powers to the State in the shape of preventive detention laws under Article 22(2)(b), were keen to provide levers against its hasty and hurried use. It is why Clause (5) was inserted in Article 22 of the Constitution.
In State of Bombay v. Atma Ram Sridhar Vaidya, 1951 SCR 167 the Court held that Article 22 sets forth certain procedural requirements which, as a matter of constitutional necessity, must be adopted and included in any procedure that may be enacted by the legislature and it accordance with which a person may be deprived of his life or personal liberty.
Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of certain person who have migrated to India from Pakistan
Indian Constitution - Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of certain person who have migrated to India from Pakistan
What is Article 6 of the Indian constitution?
Provided that no person shall be so registered unless he has been resident in the territory of India for at least six months immediately preceding the date of his application.
What does Article 6 of the Constitution deals with?
Often referred to as the supremacy clause, this article says that when state law is in conflict with federal law, federal law must prevail.
What is Article 6 written?
Article Six of the United States Constitution establishes the laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme law of the land, forbids a religious test as a requirement for holding a governmental position, and holds the United States under the Constitution responsible for debts
Which of the following statements with regard to citizenship provisions of the Constitution of India is are correct?
1. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of Article - 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of Article -6 or Article - 8, if he/ she has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign state.
What is citizenship and what are the provisions of citizenship under the Constitution of India?
Acquisition of Indian Citizenship as per Citizenship Act 1955: Indian Citizenship can be acquired under the following ways : (1) Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution of India (2) Citizenship by birth: NB – This provision has different clauses for different periods (3) Citizenship by descent
When was Article 6 of the Constitution ratified?
The original was written on September 17th, 1787, when the Continental Congress secretly met up in Philadelphia, and fifty-seven different delegates all agreed on how a free nation should operate. Additionally, Article Six of the Constitution again established freedom of religion.
What does Article 6 Section 3 of the Constitution mean?
The No Religious Test Clause of the United States Constitution is a clause within Article VI, Clause 3: "The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound
What does Article 6 section 2 of the Constitution mean?
The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution of the United States (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the "supreme Law of the Land", and thus take priority over any conflicting state laws.
What is punishment of Article 6 in Pakistan?
Punishment for high treason, etc. : A person who is found guilty-- (a) of having committed an act of abrogation or subversion of a constitution in force in Pakistan at any time since the twenty-third day of March, 1956; or (b) of high treason as defined in Article 6 of the Constitution, shall be punishable with death
How does Article 6 establish the supremacy of the Constitution?
Article VI, Paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution is commonly referred to as the Supremacy Clause. It establishes that the federal constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions.
What is Article 63 in Pakistan?
In the Constitution of the Islamic republic of Pakistan, in Article 63, in clause (1), in paragraph (c), the comma and the words ", or acquires the citizenship of a foreign State" shall be omitted. As per Article 25 of the Constitution discrimination is not permissible.
What is the minimum duration of stay essential before a person can apply for citizenship of India?
A person can acquire citizenship by naturalisation if he/she is ordinarily resident of India for 12 years (throughout 12 months preceding the date of application and 11 years in the aggregate) and fulfils all qualifications in the third schedule of the Citizenship Act.
Which of the following are the conditions for acquiring Indian citizenship?
This act mentions four ways in which a person may be Indian citizen viz. by birth, by descent, by registration and by naturalization.
How citizenship of India can be acquired and under what circumstances Cancelled?
Parliament, in exercise of the power given to it under Article 11 of the Constitution has passed the Indian Citizenship Act, 1955. This Act provides for the acquisition and termination of Citizenship in India. The Indian legislation has enacted the Citizenship (Amendment) Acts of 1986, 1992, 2003, 2005, 2015 and 2019.
How many years does a person of Indian origin need to reside in India to become a citizen of India under the Citizenship Act, 1955?
TWELVE YEARS
Citizenship of India by naturalization can be acquired by a foreigner (not illegal migrant) who is ordinarily resident in India for TWELVE YEARS (throughout the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of application and for ELEVEN YEARS in the aggregate in the FOURTEEN YEARS preceding the twelve months)
What is the provision of the Constitution regarding citizenship at the time of the commencement of the Constitution?
Every person who or either of whose parents or any of whose grandparents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted), or in Burma, Ceylon or Malaya, and who has his domicile in the territory of India as defined in this Constitution, shall be a citizen of India, provided
How a person can acquire Indian citizenship according to the citizenship Act of 1955?
Modes of acquisition of Citizenship
By registration: Citizenship can be acquired by registering. By naturalization. By incorporation of territory.
What is Article 7 of the Human Rights Act?
Article 7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
What is the purpose of Article VI of the Constitution quizlet?
Establishes the role of treaties, requires that all members of the individual branches of government swear an oath to support the constitution, and declares that no religious test will be required of those seeking public office.
Why did the framers include Article 6 in the Constitution?
The first three Articles codify the three branches of government and their powers, Article IV describes how federalism works, Article V describes the process for amending the Constitution, Article VI is an article that in large part is about the supremacy of the federal government within the bounds of the system
What does Article 6 say about religion?
After requiring all federal and state legislators and officers to swear or affirm to support the federal Constitution, Article VI specifies that “no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.” This prohibition, commonly known as the No Religious Test
What are the 6 fundamental rights of an Indian citizen?
The Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to Indian citizens as follows:
(i) right to equality,
(ii) right to freedom,
(iii) right against exploitation,
(iv) right to freedom of religion,
(v) cultural and educational rights, and
(vi) right to constitutional remedies.
Which proclamation in Article VI of the Constitution granted that laws and treaties of the government were to be laws of the land?
Article VI, clause 2 makes the Constitution, laws passed by Congress and treaties of the United States the supreme law of the land. This is the Supremacy Clause
What is Article 7 all about?
The text of Article VII declares that the Constitution shall become the official law of the ratifying states when nine states ratified the document. When New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify on June 21, 1788, the Constitution became good law.
What are two parts of Article 6 that illustrate how the national government is supreme to any other level of government?
Supremacy. Clause two provides that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority constitute the supreme law of the land. It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law; in case of conflict between federal and state law, the federal law must be applied.
What are the six big ideas of the Constitution?
Teaching Six Big Ideas in the Constitution - Students engage in a study of the U.S. Constitution and the significance of six big ideas contained in it: limited government; republicanism; checks and balances; federalism; separation of powers; and popular sovereignty.
What are the first 3 words of the Constitution?
Its first three words – “We The People” – affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. The supremacy of the people through their elected representatives is recognized in Article I, which creates a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
What does Article 7 of the Constitution deal with?
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
What does Article 6 say?
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
What is the 18th Amendment in simple terms Pakistan?
The amendment turns the President into a ceremonial head of state and transfers power to the Prime Minister, and removes the limit on a Prime Minister serving more than two terms, opening the way for Nawaz Sharif to run again.
What is Article 6 of the Indian Constitution?
Article 6 Constitution of India: Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
What does Article I Section 6 of the Constitution do?
Article I, Section 6 also says that Senators and Representatives shall not be questioned in court or by the President for any speech or debate they give or participate in on the floor of the Senate or the House. This assures ample freedom of debate in Congress.
What is Article 66 Pakistan Constitution?
Article 66 (2) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan provides that the powers, immunities and privileges of the Parliament and the immunities and privileges of Members of the Parliament shall be such as may from time to time be defined by law.
What is Article 62 Pakistan?
The restriction imposed by Article 62(1)(f) of the Constitution for the eligibility of a candidate for election to Parliament serves the public need and public interest for honest, upright, truthful, trustworthy and prudent elected representatives.
How long can I stay in India after getting Canada PR?
The “6-month rule” used to be in place a number of years ago but things have changed and this information is false! Canadian PR Cards are valid for a 5 year period and allows you to freely travel outside of Canada during that 5 year period.
What is Article 6 of the Human Rights Act?
Article 6 Right to a fair trial
1In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.
What does Article 6 of the Declaration of human rights mean?
Article 6 - Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 6 of the UDHR states that “Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law”, regardless of whether they are citizens or immigrants, students or tourists, workers or refugees, or any other group.
Is Article 6 an absolute right?
Limited rights (or "Special" rights)
But governments are entitled under the Convention to derogate from their application in times of war or national emergency. The right to liberty (Article 5) and the right to a fair trial (Article 6) are examples of limited rights for these purposes.
How does Article 6 establish the supremacy of the Constitution?
Article VI, Paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution is commonly referred to as the Supremacy Clause. It establishes that the federal constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions.
How does Article VI make the Constitution and federal law supreme?
The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution of the United States (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the "supreme Law of the Land", and thus take priority over any conflicting state laws.
What is the purpose of Article VI of the Constitution quizlet?
Establishes the role of treaties, requires that all members of the individual branches of government swear an oath to support the constitution, and declares that no religious test will be required of those seeking public office.
What part of Article VI supports the idea of the separation of church and state?
The first clause in the Bill of Rights states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.”
When was Article 6 of the Constitution ratified?
The original was written on September 17th, 1787, when the Continental Congress secretly met up in Philadelphia, and fifty-seven different delegates all agreed on how a free nation should operate. Additionally, Article Six of the Constitution again established freedom of religion.
What is Article 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution?
Section 6.
The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
What is Article 6 about in the Constitution?
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.
Indian constitution Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.
What is citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution?
This article talks about citizenship for people at the commencement of the Constitution, i.e. 26th January 1950. Under this, citizenship is conferred upon those persons who have their domicile in Indian territory and – Who was born in Indian territory; or. Whose either parent was born in Indian territory
What does Citizenship Act 1955 say?
(1A) A minor who is a citizen of India by virtue of this section and is also a citizen of any other country shall cease to be a citizen of India if he does not renounce the citizenship or nationality of another country within six months of attaining full age.]
What are the provision of citizenship under the Constitution of India?
The Citizenship Act, 1955 and its Amendments deal with the acquisition and termination of citizenship in India. Moreover, the Constitution has also provided citizenship rights for Overseas Citizen of India, Non-Resident Indians, and Persons of Indian Origin.
What does Article 5 of the Constitution say?
Article V says that “on the Application of two thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, [Congress] shall call a Convention for proposing amendments.” The convention can propose amendments, whether Congress approves of them or not. Those proposed amendments would then be sent to the states for ratification.
What is a Constitution 5?
Central Government Act. Article 5 in The Constitution Of India 1949. 5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution At the commencement of this Constitution every person who has his domicile in the territory of India and. (a) who was born in the territory of India
Does being born in a country make you a citizen?
Birthright citizenship is a governmental policy under which any child born within a country's borders or territory is automatically granted citizenship in that country—even if their parents are not citizens.
What is Citizenship Act, 1955 and what are its amendments?
The 1955 Act required a person applying for citizenship to have resided in India for 11 of the previous 14 years. The 2019 amendment relaxes this requirement from 11 years to five years for Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from the three nations.
What is the main provision of Article VI?
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
What are the provisions of citizenship?
Citizenship acquisition:
By birth: Persons born in India on or after Jan 26, 1950 to Jun 30 1987.
By descent: Person born outside India can be citizen of India if one of their parent is citizen of India.
By registration: Citizenship can be acquired by registration for following 5 categories of people.
Is citizenship a fundamental right?
Legal experts say that the new citizenship law violates the fundamental right under Article 14 of the Indian constitution that guarantees equal protection of laws, even to the aliens, in the territory of India.
What is Article 1 Section 5 of the Constitution about?
Section 5: Powers and Duties of Congress
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
What is the only limitation in the Constitution as to what can be the basis of an amendment?
No state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage (vote) in the Senate.
What was happening in the United States during the so called critical period that was good?
The Critical Period
Having won the Revolutionary war and having negotiated a favorable peace settlement, the Americans still had to establish stable governments. Between 1776 and 1789 a variety of efforts were made to realize the nation's republican ideals.
Which article of the Constitution deals with citizenship?
Articles 5-11
Part II of the Constitution of India (Articles 5-11) deals with the Citizenship of India. Article 5 speaks about the citizenship of India at the commencement of the Constitution (Nov 26, 1949). Article 11 gave powers to the Parliament of India to regulate the right of citizenship by law.
What is the 5th article of fundamental duties?
It shall be the duty of every citizen: To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
Why do we need a Constitution give 5 reasons?
Answers and Solutions
(1)basic rules- its has the basic rule on which the democracy functions. it guides in funtioning of a democracy.
(2)rights- it defines the right of a citizen over state and other persons.
(3)duties- it determines the duty of the state and also the duty of the individual vis a vis the country.
What is the hardest citizenship to get?
The most difficult countries to obtain citizenship include Vatican City, Liechtenstein, Bhutan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Switzerland, China, and North Korea. If you have ever submitted an application for citizenship, you will know just how difficult the process can be.
What are the 2 types of citizens?
There are two main systems used to determine citizenship as of the time of birth: jus soli, whereby citizenship is acquired by birth within the territory of the state, regardless of parental citizenship; and jus sanguinis, whereby a person, wherever born, is a citizen of the state if, at the time of his or her birth
Which country does not give citizenship by birth?
Other countries, including New Zealand and Australia, have also abolished their birthright-citizenship laws in recent years. The latest is the Dominican Republic, whose supreme court ruled to remove the country's birthright laws in 2013.
Which act will be amended by the citizenship Act 2019?
The Act has amended the Citizenship Act, 1955 to give eligibility for Indian citizenship to illegal migrants who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India on or before 31 December 2014. The Act does not mention Muslims.
What citizenship means?
A citizen is a participatory member of a political community. Citizenship is gained by meeting the legal requirements of a national, state, or local government. A nation grants certain rights and privileges to its citizens. In return, citizens are expected to obey their country's laws and defend it against its enemies.
What are the 3 types of citizenship?
They are:
citizenship by birth;
citizenship by registration; and.
citizenship by naturalisation.
What are 4 ways to become a citizen?
The four routes available include; citizenship by Naturalization, Citizenship by Marriage, citizenship through your parents and citizenship through the military. The U.S citizenship application process is complex, with each route having its own set of specific requirements.
When was the citizenship Act of 1955 amended?
The Citizenship Act, 1955 was amended 6 times in 1986, 1992, 2003, 2005, 2015 and 2019. The purpose of the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 is to give Indian citizenship to illegal migrants of 6 communities i.e. Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Christian, Parsi, and Jain) belong to Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
How many citizenship A citizen has?
A person can have more than one citizenship, all depending on where they are from and what countries they obtain citizenship
What are the 7 fundamental rights?
Fundamental Rights - Articles 12-35 - Part III of Indian.
Right to Equality.
Right to Freedom.
Right against Exploitation.
Right to Freedom of Religion.
Cultural and Educational Rights.
Right to Constitutional Remedies.
How does the Constitution ensure that fundamental rights of citizens are protected?
The fundamental rights are protected by the judiciary of India and in case of their violation, a person can approach the Supreme court directly for justice as per Article 32 of the constitution.
Is freedom of speech available to non citizens?
Option B is the correct answer. The right of Freedom to Speech is available to non-citizens of India as well. Article 19(1)(a) of Indian Constitution says that all citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression.
What does Article 1 Section 8 Clause 5 of the Constitution say?
Clause 5. To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; Congress controls the minting of money and (theoretically) sets its value.
What are the five basic civil liberties guaranteed in the First Amendment?
The five freedoms it protects: speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. Together, these five guaranteed freedoms make the people of the United States of America the freest in the world.
Why was the Confederation era a crucial time for the United States?
Equally important, the Confederation provided the new nation with instructive experience in self-government under a written document. In revealing their own weaknesses, the Articles paved the way for the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and the present form of U.S. government.
Why is the era of the Articles of Confederation considered the critical period in United States history?
The Articles of Confederation left the young country ill-equipped to deal with a series of problems. The period from the adoption of the Articles to the adoption of the Federal Constitution (1781-89) has been labeled the “critical period” of American history.
Why are the 1780s called the critical period?
More specifically, the "Critical Period" refers to the period of time following the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 to the inauguration of George Washington as President in 1789. During this time, the newly independent former colonies were beset with a wide array of foreign and domestic problems.
Article 3 – Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and name of existing states
Indian Constitution Article 3 – Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and name of existing states.
What are Article 3 States?
Article 3, Draft Constitution, 1948
It empowered the Parliament to make law relating to the formation of new states and alteration of existing states. One member strongly believed that the proposal to alter an existing State must originate from the concerned State Legislature and not the parliament.
Which article of Indian Constitution describe the formation of new state and alteration in boundaries?
Article 3 of the Constitution of India dives and defines further and authorises the Indian Parliament to form new states; alter the area, boundaries or names of existing states by legislation.
Who has the right to establish a new state and change the boundaries of the state?
Parliament
By law, Parliament can form a new state by separating territory from any state, by merging two or more states or parts of states. Parliament can also reduce or increase the area or alter the boundary of any state or even change its name.
How can a new state be formed from an existing state under the Indian Constitution?
The constitutional power to create new states and union territories in India is solely reserved to the Parliament of India. Parliament can do so by announcing new states/union territories, separating territory from an existing state or merging two or more states/union territories or parts of them.
What is the name of Article 3?
Article 3 – Judicial
The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
When the name of the state is changed or a new state is created the Constitution of India is required to be amended by Parliament by a?
Article 368 clearly states that if any change is to be made under the 7th schedule, then it has to be adopted by a special majority. Both houses of Parliament have to pass the Bill with a two-thirds majority.
What does Article 3 of the Constitution say?
The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
How and who can form new states and alter areas boundaries or name of existing States?
By law, Parliament can form a new state by separating territory from any state, by merging two or more states or parts of states. Parliament can also reduce or increase the area or alter the boundary of any state or even change its name.
Which schedule of the Indian Constitution shall be amended for the formation of a new State?
The territorial changes and the formation of new states and Union territories as proposed in Part II of the States Reorganisation Bill, 1956, involve a complete revision of the Fourth Schdule to the Constitution by which the seats in the Council of States are allocated to the existing States.
What is the established procedure of alteration of areas boundaries or name of the existing states of the Union of India?
The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955, empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries
Who permits the formation of new state in Union of India?
Parliament
One of special features of the Union of India is that the union is indestructible but the power conferred on Parliament includes the power to form a new state or union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to other State or Union territory.
Under which article of the Constitution of India Parliament main admit a new state in the Indian Union?
Article- 3:
It states that the Parliament may by law form a new State by separation of a territory from any State or by uniting two or more States completely or in parts or by uniting any territory to a part of any State. It deals with the following: Formation of new States. Alteration of areas of States.
How many new states are there in India?
This is for the first time that a state is converted into two Union Territories. The total number of states in the country will now be 28, with effect from 26th January 2020, India has 8 union territories.
How are new states formed?
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned
Can a new state be formed with the boundaries of an existing state?
Congress can admit new states into the Union, but a single state cannot create a new state within its boundaries. For example, the state of New York cannot make New York City a separate state.
What is Article 3 Section 3 of the Constitution about?
Section 3 Treason
Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
How many sections are there in Article 3?
three sections
It has three sections and has been amended once, by the following amendment: Amendment XI (1795)
Who has the power to change the name and formation of new states in India?
The Parliament
The Parliament has the power to change the name of a state. The Constitution of India gives the parliament power to alter the name of a state under Article 3. Article 3 of the Constitution explicitly lays down a procedure to alter the area, boundaries, or name of a state.
How can state boundaries be changed?
Boundary changes between states require the approval of each state's legislature and the approval of Congress. The U.S. Supreme Court settles boundary disputes between states.
Who can initiate the process of changing the name of state?
Process for changing the name of a state can be initiated by state itself. However, by virtue of article 3, the parliament has power to change the name of a state even if such proposal does not come from the concerned state.
What does Article 3 of the Constitution do quizlet?
Establishes the Supreme Court. Grants Congress the power to create inferior courts. Supreme Court is head of the judicial branch.
What is the meaning of Article 3 Section 1?
Article III establishes the federal court system. The first section creates the U.S. Supreme Court as the federal system's highest court. The Supreme Court has final say on matters of federal law that come before it.
What is Article 3 Section 2 of the Constitution about?
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Which article of the constitution deals with the formation of new states and alteration of areas boundaries or names of existing States?
Article 3 of Indian Constitution
Article 3 of Indian Constitution addresses the topic of Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of our country and hence every law enacted by the government of India must conform to it.
Which article of the Indian Constitution originally referred to the right to property as fundamental right?
The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Article 31 provided that "no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law."
What is the importance of Article 356?
(1) Article 356 of the Constitution confers a power upon the President to be exercised only where he is satisfied that a situation has arisen where the Government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
What was done by the government of India to redraw the boundaries of States?
The Delimitation commission or Boundary commission of India is a commission established by the Government of India under the provisions of the Delimitation Commission Act. The main task of the commission is redrawing the boundaries of the various assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies based on a recent census.
Which method of amendment will be used to admit into the Union new states?
The provisions for creating new states and altering the boundaries of the state are given in Article 2-4 of the Indian Constitution. A simple majority of the Parliament is required for the creation of a new state.
What two restrictions Does the Constitution place on the creation of new states?
New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned
Which part of the Constitution allows the nation to make changes in the constitution as needed?
Article V of the United States Constitution outlines basic procedures for constitutional amendment. Congress may submit a proposed constitutional amendment to the states, if the proposed amendment language is approved by a two-thirds vote of both houses.
What is 105th amendment of Indian Constitution?
What is the 105 amendment In Indian Constitution? The 105 Constitutional Amendment Act amends Article 342A to state the power of the President to specify the socially and educationally backward classes in the Central List for the purposes of the Central Government.
What are the 3 Constitution of India?
Article 3 of the Indian Constitution deals with the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
How can a new state be formed from an existing state under the Indian Constitution?
The constitutional power to create new states and union territories in India is solely reserved to the Parliament of India. Parliament can do so by announcing new states/union territories, separating territory from an existing state or merging two or more states/union territories or parts of them.
What is the name of Article 3?
Article 3 – Judicial
The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
Which is the 29th state in India?
Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.
What branch is addressed in Article III?
III Judicial Branch
Article III Judicial Branch
The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
விபத்து நேரத்தில் ஓட்டுநர் குடிபோதையில் இருந்தாலும் காப்பீட்டு நிறுவனம் இழப்பீடு வழங்க கடமைப்பட்டுள்ளது: சென்னை உயர் நீதிமன்றம்
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