Human rights law

What is a human law?

Man-made law is law that is made by humans, usually considered in opposition to concepts like natural law or divine law.

What are the three basic human rights?

The right to life. The right to liberty and freedom. The right to the pursuit of happiness.

What are the 5 basic human rights?

Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.

What are the 5 fundamental rights?

Under this section, we list the fundamental rights in India and briefly describe each of them.

Right to Equality (Articles 14 – 18)

Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)

Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 – 24)

Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 – 28)

Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 – 30)

What are Indian human rights?

There are six fundamental rights in India. They are Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies.

What is our constitutional rights?

Constitutional rights are the protections and liberties guaranteed to the people by the U. S. Constitution. Many of these rights are outlined in the Bill of Rights, such as the right to free speech and the right to a speedy and public trial.

What is Article 51a?

Article 51 (A): Fundamental duties

It shall be the duty of every citizen of India: to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

How many human rights law are there?

The foundation of modern human rights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The 30 articles of the Declaration were adopted in 1948 by the United Nations General Assembly, and over time these have been integrated into national laws and international treaties.

What are the 7 human rights in India?

Origins.

Significance and characteristics.

Right to equality.

Right to freedom.

Right against exploitation.

Right to freedom of religion.

Right to life.

Cultural and educational rights.

What called human rights?

Human rights are rights we have simply because we exist as human beings - they are not granted by any state. These universal rights are inherent to us all, regardless of nationality, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status.

What are the 27 constitutional rights?

Some prominent amendments never are ratified. The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed in 1972 and was ratified by 34 of the necessary 38 states.

What are the 27 Bill of Rights?

Amendment 27: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. The 27th Amendment was proposed in 1789 as part of the original Bill of Rights; however, it wasn't adopted for over 200 years.

What is an Article 21?

fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India. The Right to Protection of Life and personal liberty is the. main object of Article 21 and it is a right guaranteed against. State Action as distinguished from violation of such right by. private individuals.

What is the Article 49?

Article 49 - Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties. 1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national law or international law at the time when it was committed.

What is the Article 53?

Article 53 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Executive power of the Union. The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.

Why are human rights laws important?

Human rights legislation in most of Canada recognizes and enforces many economic and social rights; for example, by protecting equality rights in the areas of housing, employment and education. There is also a third generation of rights.

What is human rights law and practice?

Human rights are an individual's rights and freedoms, which form the basis for the relationship between the government and the individual. Human rights, EU and public law were brought into English law under the Human Rights Act 1998.

What is the main aim of human rights?

The correct answer is To establish peace and security. The main aim of Human Rights is to establish peace and security.

What does Article 12 say?

Article 12 defines the term 'state' it says that-Unless the context otherwise requires the term 'state' includes the following – 

1) The Government and Parliament of India that is Executive and Legislature of the Union. 

2) The Government and Legislature of each states.

What are the 30 human rights in India?

The 30 universal human rights also cover up freedom of opinion, expression, thought and religion.

30 Basic Human Rights List.

All human beings are free and equal.

No discrimination.

Right to life.

No slavery.

No torture and inhuman treatment.

Same right to use law.

Equal before the law.

What is class 11 freedom right?

The right to freedom gives citizens basic freedom with respect to speech and expression, form associations, freedom of personal liberty, freedom to live a life of dignity, etc. It is important to understand the scope of these provisions and any exceptions thereof.

What is a right in law?

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

What are the human rights violation?

A human rights violation is the disallowance of the freedom of thought and movement to which all humans legally have a right. While individuals can violate these rights, the leadership or government of civilization most often belittles marginalized persons.

Who protects human rights?

The short answer to 'who protects our human rights? ' is: 'All of us. ' Whether it's the UN, our governments, public authorities, institutions, businesses, or each of us as individuals – we all have a role to play in understanding, respecting and defending human rights.

What is the 31st amendment?

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

What is the 5th right?

The Fifth Amendment creates a number of rights relevant to both criminal and civil legal proceedings. In criminal cases, the Fifth Amendment guarantees the right to a grand jury, forbids “double jeopardy,” and protects against self-incrimination.

How many amendments are there in 2021?

In 2021, 24 constitutional amendments were on the ballot in seven states. One was initiated by citizens in Colorado and the other 23 were referred by state legislatures. Of the 24 measures, 16 were approved and eight were defeated.

What is the Article 26?

Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.

What is an Article 23?

Article 23 in The Constitution Of India 1949. 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.

What is the full form of PIL?

Public interest litigation is the use of the law to advance human rights and equality, or raise issues of broad public concern. It helps advance the cause of minority or disadvantaged groups or individuals.

What is Article 39 A?

The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic

What is an Article 42?

Article 42 in The Constitution Of India 1949. 42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

What is the Article 29?

Article 29 – Protection of Interests of Minorities

This article is intended to protect the interests of minority groups. Article 29(1): This provides any section of the citizens residing in India having a distinct culture, language, or script, the right to conserve their culture, language and script.

What is the Article 143?

Article 143 of the Constitution authorises the president to seek the opinion of the Supreme court in the two categories of matters: On any question of law or fact of public importance which has arisen or which is likely to arise.

What is the Article 78?

Article 78 of the Constitution of India deals with the duties of the Prime Minister in respect to the furnishing of information to the President.

What is the Article 80?

Article 80 of the Indian Constitution specifies the Composition of the Council of States. According to Article 80, the Council of States shall consist of: Twelve members are to be nominated by the President.

Are human rights enforced by law?

In practice, many human rights are very difficult to legally enforce due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.

What is the most important human right?

The freedom to vote was ranked as the most important human right in five of the eight countries. The United States values free speech as the most important human right, with the right to vote coming in third. Free speech is also highly valued in Germany: its citizens also see this as most important.

Who do human rights laws apply to?

The Act applies to: all public authorities, and. all other bodies, whether public or private, performing public functions.

What type of law is the Human Rights Act?

What is the Human Rights Act? 

The Human Rights Act is a UK law passed in 1998. It lets you defend your rights in UK courts and compels public organisations – including the Government, police and local councils – to treat everyone equally, with fairness, dignity and respect.

What are the most common human rights violations?

Abductions, arbitrary arrests, detentions without trial, political executions, assassinations, and torture often follow. In cases where extreme violations of human rights have occurred, reconciliation and peacebuilding become much more difficult.

What are human rights examples?

Human rights are norms that aspire to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses. Examples of human rights are the right to freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial when charged with a crime, the right not to be tortured, and the right to education.

Who is Article 13?

Article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides for the right to an effective judicial remedy for violations of rights under the convention. Article 13 of the European Union Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which would expand legal liability for websites.

What is the Article 22?

Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. (1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.

What does Article 33 say?

Article 33 empowers the Parliament to make laws that would restrict the application of fundamental rights to a specific category of people including members of the Indian Army and intelligence organisations. Further Reading: Right to Constitutional Remedies.

What is freedom article?

Article 10 protects your right to hold your own opinions and to express them freely without government interference. This includes the right to express your views aloud (for example through public protest and demonstrations) or through: published articles, books or leaflets. television or radio broadcasting.

What is meant by freedom of citizens?

Dignity and freedom of citizens means a democracy form of government. Explanation: Democracy bestows freedom along with dignity to every individual. Democracy strengthens the claims where discriminated groups do not lack in terms of opportunities or facilities.

What is the 32 amendment?

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

What are the 27 Bill of Rights?

Amendment 27: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. The 27th Amendment was proposed in 1789 as part of the original Bill of Rights; however, it wasn't adopted for over 200 years.

What Bill of Rights is most important?

The First and Second Amendments. The First Amendment is widely considered to be the most important part of the Bill of Rights. It protects the fundamental rights of conscience—the freedom to believe and express different ideas—in a variety of ways.

Theories of punishment | Criminology and Penology

What are the 5 theories of punishment?

Those who study types of crimes and their punishments learn that five major types of criminal punishment have emerged: incapacitation, deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation and restoration.

What are the 4 theories of punishment?

In general, there are four justifications for criminal sanctions: deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and just deserts. Since the American Founding, the influence of the four justifications of criminal punishment has varied.

What are the 3 theories of punishment?

Deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation are all arguments that look to the consequences of punishment. They are all forward‐looking theories of punishment. That is, they look to the future in deciding what to do in the present. The shared goal of all three is crime prevention.

What are the 2 main theories of punishment?

The two most prominent theories of punishments are utilitarian and retributive. Utilitarian theories focus on rehabilitating the criminal and deterring other people from committing crimes. Retributive theories focus on punishing criminals because they deserve it.

What are the major theories of punishment?

There are majorly four theories of punishment. These theories are the deterrent theory, retributive theory, preventive theory, and reformative theory.

What are the various theories and forms of punishment?

The theories of punishment are as follows:

RETRIBUTIVE THEORY.

DETERRENT THEORY.

PREVENTIVE THEORY.

INCAPACITATION THEORY.

COMPENSATORY THEORY.

REFORMATIVE THEORY.

UTILITIRIAN THEORY.

What is positivist theory in criminology?

Positivist Theory

The primary idea behind positivist criminology is that criminals are born as such and not made into criminals; in other words, it is the nature of the person, not nurture, that results in criminal propensities.

What is retributive theory of punishment?

Retributive justice is a theory of punishment that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires that they suffer in return, and that the response to a crime is proportional to the offence.

What is the utilitarian theory of punishment?

The utilitarian theory of punishment seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or "deter," future wrongdoing. The retributive theory seeks to punish offenders because they deserve to be punished. Under the utilitarian philosophy, laws should be used to maximize the happiness of society.

What is radical theory in criminology?

In criminology: Sociological theories. Radical theories tend to view criminal law as an instrument by which the powerful and affluent coerce the poor into patterns of behaviour that preserve the status quo. One such view, the so-called “peacemaking” theory, is based on the premise that violence creates violence.

What is the difference between classical and positivist theory?

The classical school utilizes philosophy to try to understand why people break the law, while the positivist school uses science. Positivism considers the factors that affect juveniles and adults to be much the same: employment, poverty, family life, culture, health, etc.

What is the difference between retributive and distributive justice?

This article points out that there are four different types of justice: distributive (determining who gets what), procedural (determining how fairly people are treated), retributive (based on punishment for wrong-doing) and restorative (which tries to restore relationships to "rightness.")

What is incapacitation punishment?

In punishment: Incapacitation. Incapacitation refers to the act of making an individual “incapable” of committing a crime—historically by execution or banishment, and in more modern times by execution or lengthy periods of incarceration.

What is mixed theory?

Mixed theories hold that punishment is just only if two conditions are met: It has desirable consequences, such as the deterrence of crime. It is inflicted only on those who are guilty of violating the law.

What is retributive justice examples?

There are still many cultures throughout the world where aspects of their criminal justice system practices retributive justice in some instances, such as in Sharia law. For example, an Iranian man convicted of throwing acid into the face of a four-year-old girl, blinding her, was in turn blinded for his punishment.

What is Marx theory?

Marxism posits that the struggle between social classes—specifically between the bourgeoisie, or capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers—defines economic relations in a capitalist economy and will inevitably lead to revolutionary communism.

What is anomie and strain theory?

Anomie and strain theories are among the first truly sociological explanations of the causes of deviant behavior. These theories seek to understand deviance by focusing on social structures and patterns that emerge as individuals and groups react to conditions they have little control over.

What is the difference between classical and neoclassical theory in criminology?

While classical criminology depicts deterrent measures as a way to prevent crimes, neoclassical criminology studies the scientific evidence to determine a just punishment for crimes. Both schools of thought don't recognize the socioeconomic impact of crimes.

What is the difference between classical neoclassical and positivist theory?

The major difference between the two theories are that classical school is mainly based on free will and suggests that crime as a choice, whereas positivism criminology argues that crime is not a choice.

What is the difference between classical and neoclassical theories?

While classical economic theory assumes that a product's value derives from the cost of materials plus the cost of labor, neoclassical economists say that consumer perceptions of the value of a product affect its price and demand.

What is an example of positivist criminology?

This school of thought creates a relationship between criminal behavior and the psychological or sociological traits of the offender. For example, the positivist theory will link a crime to the lack of parental care rather than the calculated decision of the offender.

Who is the father of positivist criminology?

Cesare Lombroso

Cesare Lombroso was the founder of the Italian school of positivist criminology, which argued that a criminal mind was inherited and could be identified by physical features and defects. Lombroso, while not aware of Gregor Johann Mendel's work on heredity, was inspired by Franz Joseph Gall's phrenological theories.

What is the difference between retributive and restorative justice?

Retributive justice essentially refers to the repair of justice through unilateral imposition of punishment, whereas restorative justice means the repair of justice through reaffirming a shared value-consensus in a bilateral process.

What is the difference between commutative and distributive justice?

This is what Plato meant when he argued that 'justice is giving each person their due', and what Aristotle implied by saying that distributive justice involves 'treating equals equally' and commutative justice involves giving people what they deserve.

What's the difference between social and distributive justice?

While distributive justice concerns itself with the welfare of an individual, social justice concern itself with the welfare of a social group. Sometimes they both come in conflict.

What is retribution in criminology?

The punishment that someone receives as revenge for his committing of a criminal act.

What is deterrence law?

Deterrence "refers to the imposition of a sanction for the purpose of discouraging the offender and others from engaging in criminal conduct." When it is targeting the offender in court, it is referred to as "specific deterrence", when it is targeting others, it is "general deterence".

What is an example of deterrence?

First, by increasing the certainty of punishment, potential offenders may be deterred by the risk of apprehension. For example, if there is an increase in the number of state troopers patrolling highways on a holiday weekend, some drivers may reduce their speed in order to avoid receiving a ticket.

What is the classical theory?

The classical theory implies that every complex concept has a classical analysis, where a classical analysis of a concept is a proposition giving metaphysically necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for being in the extension across possible worlds for that concept.

What is an integrated theory?

Integrated theories are theories that combine the concepts and central propositions from two or more prior existing theories into a new single set of integrated concepts and propositions. 

What is distributive justice examples?

Distributive justice certainly is achieved when equals receive the same allocation of benefits. For example, public programs that provide social security or medical care to all elderly and retired persons are examples of distributive justice in a constitutional democracy.

What is restitution law?

In criminal cases: Full or partial compensation for loss paid by a criminal to a victim that is ordered as part of a criminal sentence or as a condition of probation.

What is Chambliss theory?

In 1976 William Chambliss published his theory that criminalization is part of the political economy, political power struggle and bureaucratic organization. His remarks on power relations refer to the categories of “social class” and “social injustice”.

What is the Marxist theory of punishment?

The claim Marx makes is the core claim of radical criminologists: that punishment is an instrument used by society to defend itself so that it may maintain itself—punishment is useful in preserving society.

What is the role of punishment in neoclassical criminology?

The role of punishment in neoclassical criminology is a deterrent from committing the same crime, or similar crimes, in the future.

What is the relationship between punishment and classical and neoclassical thought?

Classical believes punishment is the end of deterrence. Deterrence is the use of punishment as a threat to deter people from offending. Neoclassical believes punishment should be expanded to support the concept of retribution and revenge.

Collar Crimes | Criminology and psychology

White-Collar Crime?

Reportedly coined in 1939, the term white-collar crime is now synonymous with the full range of frauds committed by business and government professionals.

What is considered a white-collar crime?

White-collar crime is generally non-violent in nature and includes public corruption, health care fraud, mortgage fraud, securities fraud, and money laundering, to name a few.

What are the 3 types of white-collar crime?

The FBI, concerned with identifying this type of offense, collects annual statistical information on only three categories: fraud, counterfeiting/forgery, and embezzlement. All other types of white-collar crime are listed in an, "miscellaneous" category.

Why do they call it white-collar crime?

White-collar crimes get their name from the fact that they are usually committed by white-collar workers taking advantage of their position within a company or government agency to extract some financial gain. Some of the most common examples of white-collar crime include: Insider trading. Money laundering.

What is a black collar crime?

Though not officially confirmed in criminology studies, the term “black-collar crime” has been used to refer to priests who commit crimes. Often times, these crimes are subsequently covered by the Church.

What is a green collar crime?

Basically, Green Collar Crime are those crimes which are committed against the Environment and wildlife. Green Collar crimes are designated under the organized criminal activities in the world and comes under the fourth largest areas of crime in the list of structured crimes around the world.

What is red collar crime?

Red collar crime is a subgroup of white collar crime in which the perpetrator uses violence to avoid detection or prosecution.

What is the difference between white-collar and blue collar crimes?

Blue-Collar Crime

Typically, white collar crimes are committed by citizens that are in a “higher” social class, whereas blue-collar crimes are committed by people from a “lower” social class. Some examples of blue collar crimes may include: Drug-related crimes. Armed robbery.

How are white-collar crimes punished?

The penalties for white-collar offenses include fines, home detention, community confinement, paying the cost of prosecution, forfeitures, restitution, supervised release, and imprisonment. Federal Sentencing Guidelines suggest longer prison sentence whenever at least one victim suffered substantial financial harm.

What are the two types of white-collar crimes?

White-collar crime is commonly subdivided into two broad, general categories:

Individual crimes. Individual crimes are financial crimes committed by an individual or a group of individuals. 

Corporate crimes. Some white-collar crime occurs on a corporate level.

How serious is white-collar crime?

Most experts agree that the economic impact of white-collar crime is far more costly than ordinary crime. White-collar crime can endanger employees through unsafe working conditions, injure consumers because of dangerous products, and cause pollution problems for a community.

Who commits white-collar crimes? 

Most are white men with at least some higher education, from middle-class backgrounds. They are in their late 30s to 40s, employed, usually married, with religious and community affiliations. Most have engaged in less serious criminal activity in the past.

What is the fastest growing white-collar crime?

Cybercrime is used in the commission of the white collar crimes of fraud, money laundering, counterfeiting of currency and identity theft. Identity theft is now believed to be the fastest growing white collar crime in the U.S.

What is GREY collar crime?

Gray-Collar Worker – refers to the balance of employed people not classified as white or blue-collar. Although grey-collar is something used to describe those who work beyond the age of retirement. Example: Firefighters, police officers, health care professionals, Security Guards, etc.

What is gray collar crime?

Gray Collar Crimes is a contemporary crime thriller set in the world of identity theft, bank fraud and high finance money laundering. But not pulled off by the already rich and famous, but by a seemingly nondescript but by a very bright and clever young Los Angeles mortgage broker.

What does gold collar mean?

Gold collar workers have traditionally been classified as white collar. These individuals are highly-skilled and in high-demand. Surgeons, engineers, anesthesiologists, lawyers, and airline pilots are all examples of gold collar workers.

What is considered blue-collar crime?

Blue-collar crime is usually a direct act driven by the reaction, e.g. fighting after a poorly executed drug deal, robberies, or shoplifting. The term blue-collar crime originated in the early 1900s as a term to describe American manual laborers.

What are the color collar crimes?

In criminology, blue-collar crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower social class as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime committed by someone of a higher-level social class.

Who coined the term red collar crime?

Perri and Lichtenwald

The reality is that although many write these crimes off as crimes of passion, the real motive behind these violent and heinous acts is concealment of fraud. Perri and Lichtenwald (2007, p. 18) have begnn to link and examine this type of violent behavior and have coined the term red-collar crime.

What is the meaning of pink-collar?

Definition of pink-collar

relating to, or constituting a class of employees in occupations (such as nursing and clerical jobs) traditionally held by women.

Are farmers blue collar?

Blue-collar worker refers to workers who engage in hard manual labor, typically agriculture, manufacturing, construction, mining, or maintenance.

Is teaching a pink-collar job?

A pink-collar worker is someone working in the care-oriented career field or in fields historically considered to be women's work. This may include jobs in the beauty industry, nursing, social work, teaching, secretarial work, or child care.

Which is worse white-collar crime or street crime?

White-collar crime has the potential to be considerably more severe than street crime. Even though street crime is far more violent than white-collar crime, white-collar crime has a more significant economic impact.

What is the major difference between white-collar crime and street crime?

Street crime is any criminal offense that typically takes place or originates in a public place. White-collar crimes are non-violent crimes committed by business or government professionals for financial gain.

What is the difference between white-collar crime and conventional crime?

This is such a crime that is committed while in the course of one's work or job. In comparison to the conventional crimes, more is lost in a white-collar crime and it, in turn, affects a large number of individuals and reach of the effect is wide too.

Is robbery a white-collar crime?

The typical White Collar crimes that federal and state prosecutors most commonly charge include, but are not limited to the following: Bank Robbery. Bank Fraud and Embezzlement. Bribery.

Is identity theft a white-collar crime?

Identity theft is a white collar crime that is considered a felony offense and thieves face heavy penalties if caught.

How long do you go to jail for white-collar criminals?

Tax evasion: A maximum fine of $100,000 to any individual, and $500,000 if the defendant is a corporation, and/or up to five years in federal prison. Bank fraud: A fine of up to $1,000,000 and/or a prison sentence of up to 30 years. Mail and wire fraud: Both carry a maximum prison sentence of up to 20 years.

Is bribery a white collar crime?

Bribery is a white collar crime in which money, a favor or something else of value is promised to, given to, or taken from an individual or corporation in an attempt to sway his or its views, opinions, or decisions.

What are 2 potential penalties for white collar crimes?

If convicted of a white-collar crime, you may be sentenced to time in county jail, state prison, or federal prison, depending on the severity of the crime and the harm done. In addition, the judge may impose fines and require you to pay restitution to the victim.

Is white-collar crime illegal?

In just a few words, could you explain what exactly white collar crime law entails? White-collar crime law is essentially financial crimes, and this includes bribery, fraud, corruption, insider trading, and money laundering.

Who are the main offenders of white-collar crime?

A considerable percentage of white-collar offenders are gainfully employed middle-aged Caucasian men who usually commit their first white-collar offense sometime between their late thirties through their mid-forties and appear to have middle-class backgrounds.

How many white-collar criminals are there?

There are over 5,000 arrests for white-collar crime for every 100,000 people in the United States. The typical White-collar criminal is a mid 40s male, married, and likely didn't commit their first criminal act until their late 30s.

What is yellow collar job?

Gold collar - Refers to highly-skilled knowledgeable people such as doctors, lawyers, scientists and also young, low wage workers who also get parental support.

What is a green color job?

Environmental green-collar workers (or green jobs) satisfy the demand for green development. Generally, they implement environmentally conscious design, policy, and technology to improve conservation and sustainability.

Is military blue-collar?

Yes, the Army's “blue-collar workers” — privates, corporals, sergeants — defer to its “white-collar workers,” the officers. That happens in corporations, too. But on an Army base you don't send the white-collar kids to good public schools and the blue-collar kids to bad public schools.

What is below blue-collar?

Black Collar – A step beneath blue-collared workers, black-collared workers are either workers who work in dirty manual labor settings (such as oil mining, sanitation, waste processing) or are involved in illegal and criminal work.

What are blue-collar jobs?

The term "blue-collar" refers to a type of employment. Blue-collar jobs are typically classified as involving manual labor and compensation by an hourly wage. Some fields that fall into this category include construction, manufacturing, maintenance, and mining.

What is blue and GREY collar jobs?

Blue and Grey collar workers are those categories of workers who typically take part in manual labor. They engage in different work, such as farming, manufacturing, logistics, construction, repair and maintenance, and retail. They may be doing skilled or unskilled work and are paid hourly or daily wages for their work.

Is teaching blue-collar?

While these people are typically working in an office, they tend to fall a little lower in pay than other white-collar workers. Traditionally, teaching is also classified as a pink-collar job, in fact, one of the best-known pink-collar careers. They can also be considered grey collar workers.

What is static crime?

Static and Continuing Crimes - Static crimes are crimes that are committed only in one place. Continuing crime are crimes that are committed in several places.

What is irrational crime?

Irrational behaviors of individuals include taking offense or becoming angry about a situation that has not yet occurred, expressing emotions exaggeratedly (such as crying hysterically), maintaining unrealistic expectations, engaging in irresponsible conduct such as problem intoxication, disorganization, and falling.

 

Criminology and Penology | Important Question and answer

What is cyber-crime criminology? 

Cybercrime, also called computer crime, the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy. 

What is sociological school of criminology? 

Sociological criminologists believed that the science of criminal law encompasses criminal law in the narrow sense (formulation of law), criminology, and the measures adopted by a society to prevent crime. Some felt that the science should also include penology—the study of the treatment of offenders. 

What is organized crime and types? 

Organized crime means the commission of a crime at regular intervals in order to make money or profits. Some examples could include human trafficking, money laundering, smuggling, etc. 

What is positive school in criminology? 

Positive school of criminology is an academic criminology school that focuses on studying crime as an alternative social process while at the same time attempting to study it to understand the causes of crime. 

What is the purpose of the American prison system? 

The Three Goals of America's Prison System As previously mentioned, the three primary purposes of prisons are being a deterrent to crime, a punishment to the criminal, and to rehabilitate the criminal. 

What is a White-Collar Crime? 

White-collar crime is a non-violent crime where the primary motive is typically financial in nature. White-collar criminals usually occupy a professional position of power and/or prestige, and one that commands well above average compensation. 

 The term “white-collar crime” was coined in the 1930s by sociologist and criminologist Edwin Sutherland. He used the phrase to describe the types of crimes commonly committed by “persons of respectability” – people who are recognized as possessing a high social status. Sutherland eventually founded the Bloomington School of Criminology at the State University of Indiana. 

 Prior to Sutherland’s introduction of the concept of white-collar crime, the upper classes of society were thought to be largely incapable of engaging in such criminal activity. Such a belief was so deeply entrenched in society that when Sutherland first published a book on the subject, some of America’s largest companies successfully sued to get the book heavily censored. 

White-collar crime is commonly subdivided into two broad, general categories:

1. Individual crimes

Individual crimes are financial crimes committed by an individual or a group of individuals. An example of an individual white-collar crime is a Ponzi scheme, such as the one run by Bernie Madoff. Other individual crimes in this category include identity theft, hacking, counterfeiting, and any of dozens of fraud schemes.

2. Corporate crimes

Some white-collar crime occurs on a corporate level. For example, a brokerage firm may let its trading desk employees engage in an insider trading scheme. Money laundering may also be conducted on a corporate level.

Theories of Punishment

There are different kinds of punishment that a person can face. In order to understand them, first, we need to understand the theories of the punishment. There are majorly four theories of punishment.

These theories are the deterrent theory, retributive theory, preventive theory, and reformative theory. We will discuss these theories in length below.

Deterrent Theory

The retributive theory assumes that the punishment is given only for the sake of it. Thus, it suggests that evil should be returned for evil without taking into consideration any consequences. There are two theories in which this theory can be divided further. They are specific deterrence and general deterrence.

In specific deterrence, punishment is designed such that it can educate the criminals. Thus, this can reform the criminals that are subjected to this theory. Also, it is maintained that the punishment reforms the criminals. This is done by creating a fear that the punishment will be repeated.

While a general deterrence is designed to avoid future crime. So, this is done by making an example of each defendant. Thus, it frightens the citizens to not do what the defendant did.

Definition and Meaning of Crime

Difference between Crime and Tort

Stages of Crime    

Elements of Crime

Codification of Law of Crime in India

Abetment under IPC – Instigation, Conspiracy, Aid

Offence affecting Life – Hurt Part I (Section 319 to Section 325)

Offence affecting Life – Hurt Part II (Section 325 to Section 338)

Offence Affecting Property – Theft

Offence Affecting Property – Extortion

Nature and Scope of Criminology

Introduction

Criminology is an interdisciplinary science. It involves behavioral and biological sciences such as Anthropology, Biology, Sociology, Psychology, Economics, Psychiatry, and Political science. It also includes the police sciences such as Criminal law, public administration, victimology, ethics, and penology.

Criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding the causes and prevention of crime. It also deals with the punishment of a certain crime committed. Criminology focuses on the reasons and operational forces behind the commission of a particular crime.

The main focus of criminology is the study of human behavior. 

Interpretation

The term Criminology is derived from an Italian Professor of law “Raffaele Garofalo” as Criminologia. After that, a French Anthropologist “Paul Topinard” used the analogous French term Criminologie.

Definition

There is no universally accepted definition of criminology. However,

According to Law Lexicon

“Criminology is the study of crime, its nature, its causes, its detection, and prevention.”

According to Dr. Kenny

“Criminology is the branch of criminal science that deals with the causes of crime, analysis, and prevention of crime.”

Main Purpose of Criminology

The main purpose of criminology is to know different aspects and causes of crime. These will help in the treatment and rehabilitation of criminals again in society.

Nature of Criminology

Criminology is an interdisciplinary field of study, involving scholars and practitioners. It represents a wide range of behavioral and social sciences as well as natural sciences.

It deals with the research of sociologists, psychologists, and writings in law.   

Scope of Criminology

The word scope means the maximum extent to which a certain field is applicable or has influence. 

Scope:

1. It is the study of the origin and development of criminal laws.

 Criminology studies how criminal laws are evolved under different circumstances. It also presents certain types of punishments to prevent crime.

2. It analyses the causation of crime and the personality of the criminals.

In criminology, we study the reasons for criminal behavior and when and how a man turns into a criminal. We study the subject that why some people commit crimes while others do not commit crimes.

3. It helps us in the detection and investigation of crime.

Criminology is modern science that helps us a lot to detect and investigate the reasons behind the crime.

4. It is the study of different factors behind the crime.

Criminology also studies various factors that enhance a crime such as Criminal Sociology, Criminal Psychiatry, Victimology, Criminal Ecology, Criminal Demography, and Criminal Physical Anthropology.

5. It studies the reasons for the development of criminals.

After discovering the origin of crime, criminologists study the factors due to which people develop a criminal attitude.

6. It tells us the ways to arrest and apprehend criminals

Criminology tells us various ways to arrest and treat habitual criminals as well. 

7. It helps us to understand the criminal behavior and the etiology

Understanding the behavior and psychology of criminals is of great importance. So, criminology helps a lot in this noble job.

8. It studies the methods adopted by the criminals to commit crimes

Criminology studies various methods and measures which are adopted by the offenders for the violation of criminal laws.

9. It looks at the reaction of society regarding crime.

After the commission of a crime, criminology as science looks upon the reaction of society towards the offender or the crime committed. The purpose is to get the views of society about the crime.

10. It helps us in the prevention of crime

Criminology presents various methods to prevent crime. It plans different ways to deter criminals. In this way, they are threatened to commit crimes because they know that they will be punished if they were found accused of any criminal activity.

11. It develops the concept of rehabilitation

Criminology encourages us to establish rehabilitation centers in the country so that the criminals must be treated in a fine and healthy way. In this way, they may become responsible men in society.

Conclusion

Criminology is the scientific study of nature, extent, causes, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior on the individual as well as social levels.

Criminology is rewarding and a fascinating field due to its broad scope and importance.